Wiktor JAKOWICZ v Poland - 16778/02 [2009] ECHR 1670 (13 October 2009)

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The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting on 13 October 2009 as a Chamber composed of:

Nicolas Bratza, President,
Lech Garlicki,
Giovanni Bonello,
Ljiljana Mijović,
David Thór Björgvinsson,
Ledi Bianku,
Mihai Poalelungi, judges,
and Lawrence Early, Section Registrar,

Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicant,

1. The applicant, Mr Wiktor Jakowicz, is a Polish national who was born in 1917 and lives in Grotniki. He was represented before the Court by Mr P. Radek and subsequently by Mr B. Zacharek, lawyers practising in Łódź. The Polish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Wołąsiewicz of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

2. The realities of the international situation following the end of the Second World War prevented the Republic of Poland from asserting any claims arising out of persecution of its citizens by Nazi Germany, including as forced labourers.

3. In the period immediately following the Second World War Poland did not conclude a specific agreement with Germany regarding the issue of reparations. It relied on the Potsdam Agreement of 1 August 1945, concluded by the Governments of the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

4. On 27 February 1953 the London Agreement on Germany's External Debts (London Debt Agreement) was concluded by the United States of America, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Under this Agreement, consideration of claims arising out of the Second World War by countries which were at war with or were occupied by Germany during that war, and by nationals of such countries, against the Reich or agencies of the Reich was deferred until final settlement of the issue of reparations.

5. On 23 August 1953, a day after a similar declaration by the Government of the Soviet Union, the Government of Poland declared that it renounced any claims against Germany in respect of war reparations as of 1 January 1954. In a declaration of 27 September 1969, made at the United Nations, the Government of Poland clarified that the renouncement of 1953 did not affect individual claims arising out of unlawful acts.

6. In 1972 the Federal Republic of Germany made an ex-gratia payment of DM 100 million to the Polish Government for the victims of pseudo medical experiments.

7. It was only after the conclusion of the Treaty on the Final Settlement with respect to Germany of 12 September 1990 (the so called Two Plus Four Treaty) and the conclusion of two treaties between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland in 1990^¹ and 1991^² that the issue of persons persecuted by the Nazi regime was addressed in the bilateral Agreement of 16 October 1991 (see paragraph 30 below).

8. The issue of compensation for slave and forced labour during the Second World War was addressed in the Joint Statement of 17 July 2000 and the German Law of 2 August 2000 on the Creation of the “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” Foundation (see relevant law below).

9. The applicant lived in the Vilnius region of pre-war Poland. It appears that following the Soviet Union's invasion of Poland in 1939 he was detained by the Soviet authorities.

10. Subsequently, in June 1941, following the outbreak of the German Soviet war, the applicant was interned in the Hammerstein (Czarne) POW camp for 41 months. He submitted that he had not been a member of the military personnel of either side in that war and had been interned with many other Polish civilians, alongside captured Soviet soldiers. He claimed that the said camp had served as an extermination camp for the first year of its operation. The applicant further submitted that he had been subjected to forced labour in the camp under very harsh conditions.

11. On 21 October 1944 the applicant was released from captivity on the basis of forged documents. Subsequently he worked as a forced labourer on a farm until 28 February 1945.

12. The applicant received a payment from the “Polish-German Reconciliation” Foundation (“the Foundation”) under the first compensation scheme in respect of the 41 months during which he was obliged to provide forced labour.

13. On 28 May 2001 the applicant applied to the Foundation seeking compensation from the funds of the German Foundation “Remembrance Responsibility and Future” (“the German Foundation”) on account of his detention and forced labour in the Hammerstein (Czarne) camp and his subsequent forced labour on a farm. He submitted that from June 1941 to October 1944 he had been imprisoned in the said camp. The applicant enclosed various documents in evidence. That request was made under the scheme for slave and forced labourers (“the second compensation scheme”) established under the Joint Statement of 17 July 2000, the German Law of 2 August 2000 on the Creation of the “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” Foundation (“the German Foundation Act”; “the GFA”) and the subsequent Agreement of 16 February 2001 between the Remembrance, Responsibility and Future Foundation (“the German Foundation”) and the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation (see relevant law below).

14. On 7 January 2002 the Foundation's Verification Commission (Komisja Weryfikacyjna) found that the applicant was eligible for compensation payment, as his persecution came under the 4^th category, which included persons subjected to forced labour in the agricultural sector who had been deported to the Third Reich. It consequently awarded him DEM 2,000 in compensation. The decision did not contain any specific reasoning, in particular with regard to the period of the applicant's forced labour which was taken into account by the Verification Commission.

15. On 5 April 2002 the applicant appealed against the decision of 7 January 2002. It appears that he alleged that the Verification Commission had not taken into account the forced labour during his 41 month internment in the Hammerstein (Czarne) camp. He submitted that he had been detained in particularly harsh conditions.

16. On 24 May 2002 the Appeal Commission (Komisja Odwoławcza) upheld the decision of the Verification Commission, holding that the applicant had not adduced any new evidence of persecution which could justify a change in his eligibility status.

17. In the letter accompanying the decision, the Appeal Commission informed the applicant that his request for consideration of his internment in the POW camp as falling under the 1^st category of eligibility could not be granted. It stated that pursuant to section 11 § 3 of the GFA he was not eligible for compensation on account of his internment and forced labour in the POW camp. The Appeal Commission emphasised that, under the applicable regulations, the only persons who came under the 1^st category of eligibility were the detainees of those camps which had been listed in the German Indemnification Act. However, the applicant's camp had not been listed in that Act.

18. On 12 August 2002 the applicant appealed against that decision. He submitted that he had been unlawfully detained in inhuman conditions and subjected to forced labour in the Hammerstein (Czarne) camp for 41 months following the outbreak of the German-Soviet war. In support of his appeal he relied on a number of documents which had already been filed with the Foundation.

19. One of those documents was a letter which had been sent to him by the Koszalin Regional Commission for the Examination of Nazi Crimes (Okręgowa Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich) on 16 August 1978, confirming that the Hammerstein (Czarne) camp had served as a POW camp for Soviet soldiers, who had been interned there following the outbreak of the German-Soviet war. However, the letter stated that a considerable number of Polish nationals who had not served in the Soviet army had been interned in the same camp. They had been captured by the German army in the pre-war Polish territories which had originally been occupied by the Soviet Union.

20. The applicant also relied on a letter received from the German Foundation in early 2002 regarding the eligibility conditions. The letter stated that persons eligible for compensation under the GFA were, inter alia, those who had been detained and subjected to forced labour in a concentration camp listed in the German Indemnification Act or detained in another place of confinement or a ghetto in conditions comparable to those existing in a concentration camp. The applicant further relied on two witness statements by individuals who had been interned with him.

21. In a letter of 2 September 2002 the German Foundation informed all Partner Organisations, including the Polish Foundation, about the new interpretation of the GFA. Pursuant to that interpretation, civilians who had been subjected to forced labour during their detention in a POW camp were henceforth, subject to certain conditions, entitled to receive payments. In consequence, the Foundation decided to recognise the period of the applicant's forced labour in the Hammerstein (Czarne) camp.

22. On 8 October 2002 the Appeal Commission, having reopened the proceedings in the applicant's case, held that the applicant was eligible for compensation on account of persecution coming under the 3^rd category, that is, persons subjected to forced labour in the industrial and public sectors who had been deported to the Third Reich. The decision did not contain any reasoning.

23. On 7 January 2003 the Appeal Commission informed the applicant that he would receive payment from the funds of the German Foundation in the amount of DEM 4,400 (PLN 8,852.50) on account of his forced labour in the industrial or public sectors. It appears that the applicant did not appeal further.

1. Annex to the Hague Convention on the Laws and Customs of Wars on Land (Hague IV) of 18 October 1907 (“the Hague Convention”)

Prisoners of war are in the power of the hostile Government, but not of the individuals or corps who capture them.

All their personal belongings, except arms, horses and military papers, remain their property.

The State may utilize the labour of the prisoners of war according to their rank and aptitude, officers excepted. The tasks, however, shall not be excessive and shall have no connection with the operations of the war.

24. Article 9 of the Constitution, which was adopted by the National Assembly on 2 April 1997 and entered into force on 17 October 1997, states:

“Everyone shall have the right to a fair and public hearing of his case, without undue delay, before a competent, impartial and independent court.”

Chapter III of the Constitution, entitled “Sources of Law”, refers to the relationship between domestic law and international treaties.

“1. The sources of the universally binding law of the Republic of Poland shall be: the Constitution, statutes, ratified international agreements, and regulations. ...”

“1. After promulgation thereof in the Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland (Dziennik Ustaw), a ratified international agreement shall constitute part of the domestic legal order and shall be applied directly, unless its application depends on the enactment of a statute.

2. An international agreement ratified upon prior consent granted by statute shall have precedence over statutes if such an agreement cannot be reconciled with the provisions of such statutes.”

25. Chapter VIII of the Constitution contains provisions related to the judiciary. Article 175§ 1 of the Constitution provides:

“The administration of justice in the Republic of Poland shall be implemented by the Supreme Court, the ordinary courts, administrative courts and military courts.”

“The ordinary courts shall implement the administration of justice concerning all matters save for those statutorily reserved for other courts.”

“The Supreme Administrative Court and other administrative courts shall exercise, to the extent specified by statute, control over the performance of public administration.”

3. The Agreement of 16 October 1991 and the establishment of the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation (first compensation scheme)

26. On 16 October 1991 the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland concluded an agreement on the basis of which the German Government declared that, prompted by humanitarian considerations, it was prepared to contribute DEM 500 million for the benefit of the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation. The Foundation was to be established by the Government of Poland with a view to providing financial assistance to victims of Nazi persecution who had been particularly wronged. The Foundation was to determine the necessary criteria for the granting of compensation payments, having regard both to serious damage to the victims' health and to difficulties in their current financial situation. The Government of Poland declared that it would not pursue further individual claims by Polish citizens arising out of Nazi persecution. Both Governments indicated that their agreement should not amount to limitation of the rights of citizens of either country.

27. Subsequently, on 27 November 1991, the Minister–Head of the Cabinet Office (Minister – Szef Urzędu Rady Ministrów) acting as a Founder^¹, made a declaration before the State Notary on the establishment of the Foundation. He declared that, acting on the initiative of the Government of the Republic of Poland and on behalf of the State Treasury, he was establishing the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation. The Foundation's aim was to provide assistance to the victims of Nazi persecution and to undertake other activities for the benefit of those persons. The Minister also declared that the Foundation's capital fund consisted of DEM 500 million, contributed by the German Government to the Polish Government. The Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation was established in accordance with the Foundations Act of 6 April 1984, which regulates the activities of foundations in Poland. In principle, supervision of a foundation's activities is exercised by the regional governor (Wojewoda) or the competent minister.

28. The statutes of the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation were drafted and subsequently registered by the Warsaw District Court on 24 February 1992. On that date the Foundation began its activities. Under paragraph 6 of the statutes, the Foundation's primary aim was to render direct financial assistance to those victims of Nazi persecution whose health had been seriously damaged and who were in a difficult financial situation as a result of that persecution.

29. The Foundation's organs were the Supervisory Board (Rada Nadzorcza) and the Management Board (Zarząd). The members of those organs were appointed and dismissed by the Founder (government minister) who exercised full control in this respect. The two other organs of the Foundation were the Verification Commission (Komisja Weryfikacyjna), and the Appeal Commission (Odwoławcza Komisja Weryfikacyjna).

4. Compensation scheme for slave and forced labourers (second compensation scheme)

30. From 1998 to 2000 international negotiations took place on the issue of compensation for persons subjected to slave or forced labour by Nazi Germany. The government of Poland was one of the parties to these negotiations. They were prompted by a number of lawsuits against certain German companies before the courts in the United States in which compensation was sought on account of forced labour during the Second World War. The German companies against which the lawsuits had been brought wished to bring them to an end and secure legal peace. The negotiations concluded on 17 July 2000 with the adoption of a Joint Statement which was signed by all the parties to the negotiations, including the government of Poland^¹.

31. The parties to the Joint Statement acknowledged the intention of the Government of Germany and of the German companies concerned to accept moral and historic responsibility arising from the use of slave and forced labourers and from other injustices committed during the National Socialist era and the Second World War. They affirmed their consensus of 17 December 1999 on the establishment of the Remembrance, Responsibility and Future Foundation, which was to be a means of providing funds for victims from central and eastern Europe, most of whom had benefited little from prior German compensation and restitution programmes. The parties to the Joint Statement further agreed to base their decisions regarding the distribution of funds on the eligibility criteria set out in the German Foundation Act.

32. According to the Joint Statement, the Government of Germany and the German companies concerned undertook to contribute DEM 5 thousand million to the Remembrance, Responsibility and Future Foundation. The Joint Statement stipulated that the governments of the participating central and eastern European States, including Poland, and the government of Israel agreed to implement the necessary specific measures within the framework of their national legal systems to achieve legal peace.

33. Subsequently, on 2 August 2000 the German parliament enacted the Law on the creation of the Remembrance, Responsibility and Future Foundation (Gesetz zur Errichtung einer Stiftung “Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft”). It came into force on 12 August 2000. However, the disbursement of payments only started on 30 May 2001, once the relevant guarantees had been secured by the German companies concerned with regard to the dismissal of the lawsuits filed against them in the United States courts. The disbursement of payments terminated at the end of 2006.

34. The relevant parts of the Law on the creation of the Remembrance, Responsibility and Future Foundation provide:

that the National Socialist State inflicted severe injustice on slave labourers and forced labourers, through deportation, internment and exploitation, which in some cases extended to destruction through labour, and through a large number of other human-rights violations,

that German companies which participated in the National Socialist injustice bear a historic responsibility and must accept it,

that the companies which have come together in the Foundation Initiative of German Industry [Stiftungsinitiative der deutschen Wirtschaft] have acknowledged this responsibility,

that the injustice committed and the human suffering it caused cannot be truly compensated by financial payments,

that the Law comes too late for those who lost their lives as victims of the National Socialist regime or have died in the meantime,

the German Bundestag acknowledges political and moral responsibility for the victims of National Socialism. The Bundestag also intends to keep alive the memory of the injustice inflicted on the victims for coming generations.

(1) A legally recognised Foundation with the name 'Remembrance, Responsibility and Future' shall be established under public law.

(1) The purpose of the Foundation is to make financial compensation available through partner organisations to former forced labourers and to those affected by other injustices from the National Socialist period.

(1) The approval and disbursement of one-off payments to those persons eligible under section 11 will be carried out through partner organisations. The Foundation is neither authorised nor obligated in this regard. The board of trustees may opt for another mode of payment.

1. persons who were held in a concentration camp as defined in section 42(2) of the German Indemnification Act [Bundesentschädigungsgesetz] or in another place of confinement outside the territory of what is now the Republic of Austria or a ghetto under comparable conditions and were subjected to forced labour;

2. persons who were deported from their homelands into the territory of the German Reich within the borders of 1937 or to a German-occupied area, subjected to forced labour in a commercial enterprise or for public authorities there, and held under conditions other than those mentioned in paragraph 1, or were subjected to conditions resembling imprisonment or similar extremely harsh living conditions;

(2) Eligibility shall be demonstrated by the applicant by submission of documentation. The partner organisation shall take into account relevant evidence. If no relevant evidence is available, the claimant's eligibility may be substantiated in some other way.

(1) Specific characteristics of other places of confinement referred to in Section 11, Paragraph 1, Number 1 are inhumane conditions of detention, insufficient nutrition and lack of medical care.

35. Section 42 § 2 of the German Indemnification Act (Bundesentschädigungsgesetz) provided that the German Government would issue a decree containing a list of concentration camps within the meaning of the Act. The German Government issued the decree in 1967 with an annex listing concentration camps. It was twice amended, most recently in 1982. The list of concentration camps does not contain the POW camp where the applicant was detained during the Second World War.

36. The Federal Constitutional Court examined a constitutional complaint against various provisions of the GFA which had been filed, among others, by a former Italian military internee and a civilian who had been subjected to forced labour^¹. The complainants alleged, inter alia, that prior to the entry into force of the GFA they had had claims for compensation for forced labour against the Federal Republic of Germany, under German civil law in conjunction with international public law. They contended that the exclusion of judicial review of decisions by the International Organisation for Migration (one of the partner organisations) had violated their right to an effective remedy under Article 19 § 4 of the German Basic Law. Furthermore, they argued that the exclusion of former prisoners of war from the ambit of compensation under the Foundation Act was discriminatory.

37. On 28 June 2004 the Federal Constitutional Court held that the complaint was partly admissible, but unfounded. Referring to the Hague Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land (“The Hague Convention”) the court held that international public law had not established individual claims for compensation for forced labour. It noted, however, that it was not excluded that national law might establish such claims, but that in such a case the legislator enjoyed wide discretion. The court held further that the exclusion by section 11 § 3 of former prisoners of war from the scope of those eligible for benefits under the Foundation Act had not been discriminatory, since under the Hague Convention prisoners of war could be compelled to perform labour. In this respect the court observed that the legislator was allowed to distinguish, when awarding compensation, between victims of general hardships caused by the war and victims of particular ideological persecution by the Nazi regime, especially as the funds of the Foundation were limited.

38. In respect of the exclusion of judicial review by the Foundation Act, the Federal Constitutional Court found that Article 19 § 4 of the Basic Law required that a right did in fact exist, whose alleged violation could be examined by the courts. The court concluded that the legislator was free to decide not to establish an individual's claims vis-à-vis a public-law foundation and to exclude judicial review in this connection.

39. On 10 August 2000 the Polish government submitted to Parliament a bill on the exemption from tax and duties of payments received in connection with Nazi persecution. In the explanatory memorandum to the bill, the government stated that payment of benefits in respect of forced labour for the Nazi regime had been agreed in the course of negotiations involving the respective governments, German companies and the victims. They further stated that, as a result of the agreement with the Germans, Poland would receive more than DEM 1.8 thousand million. On 21 September 2000 the Polish parliament enacted the Law on exemption of payments received in connection with Nazi persecution from tax and duties. That Law also exempted the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation from taxes due on funds received by the Foundation for the distribution of payments. The Law came into force on 17 November 2000.

40. On 16 February 2001 an agreement was concluded between the Remembrance, Responsibility and Future Foundation and the Polish German Reconciliation Foundation (“the partnership agreement”). Under its terms the Polish German Reconciliation Foundation was to act as a partner organisation of the German Foundation, with a view to securing prompt disbursement of compensation payments to slave and forced labourers (paragraph 1 of the agreement). Both parties agreed to implement fully the provisions of the GFA and declared that their agreement was in compliance with the Joint Statement of 17 July 2000.

41. The above agreement further stipulated that the Polish Foundation, as a partner organisation, was entrusted with determining eligibility for compensation payments in respect of all claimants who resided on the territory of Poland on 16 February 1999 (paragraph 2). The partner organisation was to verify and determine whether the relevant conditions for awarding payment had been established or substantiated in some other way (paragraph 5.1). A claimant could appeal against a decision taken by the partner organisation in respect of the grounds of the decision or the amount of compensation awarded before an independent appeal body established within the partner organisation (paragraph 5.5). Under paragraph 6.3 of the agreement, decisions taken by the appeal body were final and could not be challenged before a court (paragraph 3).

42. The Agreement of 16 February 2001 was accompanied by three annexes. Annex no. 3 contained a declaration by the Polish government with regard to responsibility for the disbursement of compensation payments. The relevant parts provide:

“Since 1998 the government of the Republic of Poland has made exceptionally concerted efforts to secure payment of compensation for slave and forced labour imposed by Nazi Germany. In the negotiations, the government has played a significant role on behalf of the representatives of the victims. Due to the government's efforts, former slave and forced labourers will receive in total DEM 1.812 thousand million, which constitutes a very positive outcome to the negotiations.

The government of the Republic of Poland will endeavour to ensure that the payments from the Remembrance, Responsibility and Future Foundation, handled by the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation with the participation of Polish financial institutions, will be processed properly. To that end the Polish authorities will take steps with regard to the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation within their founding and supervisory competences.”

43. The statutes of the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation was amended on the initiative of its founder, namely the Minister of the State Treasury, with a view to implementing the provisions of the GFA and the Agreement of 16 February 2001; those amendments were subsequently registered by the Warsaw District Court on 26 June 2001.

44. The amended statutes stipulated that the Foundation was to disburse compensation payments to the victims specified in section 11 of the GFA from the funds contributed by the German Foundation on the basis of the same Act (paragraphs 6.2 and 9.2). It further specified that the Foundation's decisions in individual cases were to be taken on the basis of internal regulations. A decision in an individual case could be appealed against; however, a decision taken after an appeal had been considered was final and no appeal lay against it (paragraphs 6.4 and 6.5).

45. Pursuant to paragraph 20 of the amended statutes, the Verification Commission was to determine individual claims for assistance filed by victims of Nazi persecution. Members and the president of the Verification Commission were to be appointed and dismissed by the Foundation's management board (paragraph 21.1). Detailed regulations as to the organisation of the Verification Commission and the rules and criteria on the granting of assistance were specified in the internal regulations of the Verification Commission, drafted by the management board and adopted by the supervisory board (paragraph 21.2).

46. Decisions taken by the Verification Commission could be appealed against to the Appeal Commission. Its president and members are appointed and dismissed by the Foundation's management board, having consulted the supervisory board. The Appeal Commission operates on the basis of internal regulations drafted by the management board and adopted by the supervisory board (paragraph 23.2). The amended statutes stipulated that the decisions of the Appeal Commission were final (paragraph 23.3).

47. In 1997 the Ombudsman referred to the Supreme Court a question of law (pytanie prawne), as to whether decisions given by the organs of the Foundation could be appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court and, if not, whether they could be subjected to judicial review in civil proceedings. On 31 March 1998 the Supreme Court adopted resolution no. III ZP 44/97, holding that, since administrative functions could only be delegated by statute, which was not the case with regard to the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation, its decisions did not meet the requirements of an administrative decision and thus could not be appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court. However, the Supreme Court refused to give a definite answer as to whether the Foundation's decisions could be subject to judicial review in civil proceedings. It nevertheless observed that entitlement to receive a benefit from the Foundation did not fall within the scope of civil law, and thus could not be raised before a civil court. In exceptional cases, such as where the claimant's eligibility had been established but the benefit was not paid, a claim could arise under civil law.

48. In Resolution no. OPS 3/01 of 3 December 2001, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the earlier case-law to the effect that it did not have jurisdiction to review the decisions of the Foundation and observed that:

“The Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation, which awards benefits to the victims of Nazi persecutions using the financial resources allocated to it by foreign entities, does not perform functions in the area of public administration. Thus, the source of the entitlement to receive an award from the Foundation does not stem from actions of the public administration.”

“There is no doubt that the Agreement of 16 October 1991, concluded between the Polish and German Governments, which was not ratified, as well as subsequent acts [starting with the Joint Statement and the German Foundation Act] concerning grants of financial assistance by the Foundation on account of Nazi persecution do not fulfil the criteria which would make it possible to classify them as sources of binding Polish law. No administrative-law relation arises between a claimant and the Foundation on the basis of the aforementioned acts, and consequently the Foundation is not an organ of public administration established by law to determine cases in the sphere of public administration.”

49. On 27 June 2007 the Supreme Court adopted Resolution no. III CZP 152/06 in response to a question of law put forward by the Ombudsman. It revisited its earlier case-law on the interpretation of the notion of a “civil case” laid out in Article 2 of the Code of the Civil Procedure in relation to claims against the Foundation. The Supreme Court held that:

“The [civil] courts have jurisdiction in the case where a claimant – due to an unfavourable decision by the “Polish-German Reconciliation” Foundation – is seeking a payment [from the Foundation] in respect of Nazi persecution.”

“The procedure concerning examination of claims under the first and the second German fund ... may not be currently instituted. The relevant funds were allocated and the disbursement of payments has been finally concluded.

There is no doubt that the current state of affairs resulting from the relevant case-law, under which those persons interested in challenging before a court the Foundation's refusal to grant them a suitable payment are deprived of such a possibility, cannot be accepted in the light of the binding constitutional and Convention standards. Article 184 § 1 in conjunction with Article 177 of the Constitution establishes a presumption in favour of jurisdiction of the ordinary courts which indicates – at least indirectly – that a possible jurisdiction of the administrative courts should be based on a specific statutory rule.

The need for extensive interpretation of the individual's access to a court, or in other words, the right to bring an action (the right to a court) follows also from Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article 14 § 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which stipulate that everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law in the determination of his civil rights and obligations. It may be assumed from the established case-law of the European Court of Human Rights that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention guarantees to everyone the inalienable right to submit for a judicial determination any claims concerning civil rights and obligations.... Obviously, the right to a court does not denote the right to “win” a case, but it signifies that the filed claim should be examined by a court and determined on the merits (judgment of the Supreme Court of 3 January 2007, no. IV CSK 312/06, unpublished).

The results of interpretation of Articles 1 and 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure thus require us to acknowledge that the [civil] court has jurisdiction where a case has the features of a civil case in the substantive sense and where no particular provision delegates its examination and determination to a different organ than an ordinary court. The [civil] court also has jurisdiction where a case has the features of a civil case only in the formal sense.”

10. The Constitutional Court's decision of 14 November 2007 in case no. SK 53/06

50. A certain S.K. filed a constitutional complaint with the Constitutional Court after the administrative court rejected his appeal against inactivity of the Foundation, stating that it did not have jurisdiction. He challenged the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Law of 25 July 2002 on the Structure of Administrative Courts and of the Law of 30 August 2002 on Procedure before Administrative Courts, which delineated the jurisdiction of the administrative courts. On 14 November 2007 the Constitutional Court discontinued the proceedings on procedural grounds. It found that the claimant had not obtained a “final decision” within the meaning of Article 79 of the Constitution, since he had mistakenly seized the administrative courts and not the ordinary courts to pursue his appeal against the Foundation's decision. The Constitutional Court relied on the constitutional presumption in favour of jurisdiction of the ordinary courts and the Supreme Court's Resolution of 27 June 2007.

51. The applicant complained that the decisions of the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation in his case had been flawed and could not be reviewed by any other body. The Court considers that the applicant's complaint concerns the lack of access to a court in respect of his claims raised before the Polish Foundation and falls to be examined under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the relevant parts of which provide:

“In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ..., everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. ...”

52. The respondent Government submitted that the applicant had indicated in the application form that his application had been directed against two foundations: the Polish Foundation and the German Foundation. The present case related to the so-called second compensation scheme, in which the Polish Foundation acted in conformity with the provisions of the GFA, and concerned, in particular, the issue of the eligibility conditions adopted in the GFA. Having regard to those considerations, the Government argued that the present application should also have been communicated to the German Government with a view to enabling the Court to examine it in a comprehensive manner. That would be in line with the purpose and scope of Article 34 of the Convention and would further guarantee due observance of the general principle of international law relating to equal treatment of all signatories to the Convention.

54. The Court notes that the Government had earlier requested that the case be communicated to the German Government. On 16 March 2006 the President of the Chamber, considering that the case concerned exclusively the operation of the Polish Foundation, informed the Government that their request could not be granted. Responding to their repeated request, the Section Registrar informed the Government in a letter of 20 April 2006 that the Court had decided to communicate the case to the Polish Government having regard to the circumstances of the case considered as a whole. In addition, their attention was drawn to the fact that in the decision on admissibility in the case of Woś of 1 March 2005 the Court found that the responsibility of the Polish State was engaged in respect of both compensation schemes (Woś v. Poland (dec.), no. 22860/02, § 74, ECHR 2005 IV). That finding was subsequently confirmed in the Woś judgment (Woś v. Poland, no. 22860/02, § 54, ECHR 2006 ...). Furthermore, the Government were informed that in the meantime the President of the Chamber had granted leave to the German Government to intervene as a third party in the proceedings. Having regard to the foregoing, the Court confirms that it was not necessary to communicate the case to the German Government.

55. The Government argued that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention was not applicable to proceedings before the Polish Foundation in respect of the second compensation scheme. Those proceedings were related to payments of a humanitarian and voluntary nature and as such fell outside the scope of the above provision. They could not be associated with the classic civil-law concept of damages as adopted in Polish or German law.

56. The Government submitted that, pursuant to the Joint Statement and the GFA, the German Foundation made an ex gratia payment of DM 1.812 billion to the Polish Foundation for distribution amongst particularly wronged victims of National Socialism. The Government emphasised that German payments to Polish victims had always been made on an ex gratia basis. Germany felt moral responsibility, but nonetheless emphasised that the question of reparations had been closed and that claims of this type could not be pursued before the courts. The Government stressed that they had had no exclusive or decisive influence in the multilateral negotiations which led to the adoption of the Joint Statement and the enactment of the GFA. The former document provided a general political and financial framework, while the latter was an act of domestic German law containing basic provisions on the newly-established German Foundation and specific regulations concerning the division of funds and questions of eligibility.

57. The Government maintained that the wording of the GFA excluded any legal claims in respect of the benefits provided under it and emphasised the moral and voluntary nature of the German payments to the victims of National Socialist persecution. In particular, the preamble to the Act stated that the German Bundestag “assumed moral and political responsibility for the victims of national socialism”. Section 2.1 of the GFA stipulated that the aim of the German Foundation was to provide funds to its partner organisations (not to States) for the payment of benefits (Leistungen), not compensation, in respect of Nazi persecution. Section 9.1 of the GFA referred to persons eligible for benefits (Leistungsberechtigte). The Government argued that the terms employed by the German Foundation Act referred to a specific group of persons who were entitled to submit their applications to the Foundation; however, those terms did not in any way give rise to an automatic right for an individual to receive a benefit. The Government argued that it was necessary to adopt certain eligibility conditions in order to distribute the limited funds allocated by the German Government and that those conditions could not be contested.

58. The Partnership Agreement obliged the Polish Foundation to implement fully the provisions of the GFA and to follow the resolutions of the German Foundation's bodies. The Government emphasised that the role of the Polish Foundation had been to act as the intermediary body in the process of granting financial assistance from the German funds in accordance with the rules specified in the GFA, including the notion of a “prisoner of a concentration camp” which had been contested by the applicant. They further submitted that the German Foundation made payments through its partner organisations, but subject to the control of the German Foundation. In their opinion, it was only the German Party that could provide the Court with appropriate information about the eligibility conditions adopted in the German Foundation Act and the rules of interpretation of the Act.

59. The Government maintained that the German Foundation could have distributed the financial assistance on its own. However, having regard to the practical aspects of the process (knowledge of the victims and linguistic competence), it was decided to charge the Polish Foundation with making the payments. The Polish State was not under any legal obligation and did not have authority to make payments, did not receive funds from the German Party and had no obligation or authority to organise a payment system. Furthermore, the Polish Foundation was not in hierarchical subordination to the Polish Government, which in turn could not issue binding instructions as to the Foundation's activities. The Polish Government could in no way take over the responsibility for making payments, even had it wished to do so, because the German Party had not agreed to such terms. It was not the Polish State which entrusted the management of German funds to the Polish Foundation; this had been done by the German Foundation, acting under the GFA. On the other hand, the Government admitted that it exercised some control over the Foundation; however, it had no power to impose or change specific decisions and eligibility conditions.

60. The GFA provided for the right to submit an application – through the Polish Foundation – for a one-off ex gratia benefit of a humanitarian nature. However, it was not Polish law or the Polish Foundation's statutes that had constituted the basis for the payment of benefits and the submission of applications. The criteria for the payment of benefits defined in the GFA implied that compliance with those criteria led automatically to the award of a benefit. In those cases the partner organisations had no discretionary powers. However, in the context of the imprecise legal concepts linked with the eligibility criteria, the Polish Foundation and the German Foundation had a so-called “latitude de jugement”.

61. The Government submitted that the applicant's claims under section 11 § 1 of the German Foundation Act, alleging that he should have been granted a higher amount and be classified as a detainee of the concentration camp, had been purely subjective and based on his own sense of justice. They had no basis in Polish or German law and were aimed at challenging the general rules governing the second compensation scheme. The Government observed that the applicant had ultimately been granted financial assistance on account of his forced labour in the POW camp. Having regard to the foregoing, the Government claimed that the dispute between the applicant and the Foundation over the right to financial assistance in the second compensation scheme had never arisen. The Government further maintained that the applicant could no longer claim to be a “victim” within the meaning of Article 34 of the Convention since he had received financial assistance of an ex gratia nature from the Polish Foundation, in line with the eligibility conditions stipulated in the German Act.

62. The Government further argued that the applicant had failed to exhaust relevant domestic remedies in respect of his claims against the Foundation. Firstly, he had never availed himself of the possibility of lodging a claim with a civil or administrative court. The Government averred that the Supreme Court's Resolution of 27 June 2007 confirmed their earlier submission that the applicant had had at his disposal a civil claim against the Foundation which might have been lodged with a domestic court before the case was brought before the Court. In their view, the said Resolution confirmed that the right to appeal against the Foundation's decisions stemmed directly from the Constitution and the Code of Civil Procedure.

63. The applicant argued that Article 6 § 1 had been applicable to the proceedings at issue. He was claiming the right to compensation for wrongs inflicted by Nazi Germany which had been recognised in the Joint Declaration of 17 July 2000 and, indirectly, in the German Foundation Act. That right was clearly a civil right.

64. The applicant claimed that that there had been a serious dispute between him and the Polish Foundation as regards the recognition of his forced labour in the POW camp. The dispute also extended to the applicant's assertion that he had been held in conditions similar to those prevailing in a concentration camp. In this respect, he maintained that, in accordance with section 11 § 1(1) of the German Foundation Act, forced labourers who had been interned in a concentration camp or in similar conditions had come within the 1^st category of eligibility. The applicant submitted that the Foundation had not examined his claim that the conditions in the Hammerstein camp had been comparable to those in a concentration camp.

65. The applicant argued that the right claimed had been recognised under domestic law. The recognition stemmed from the Joint Declaration of 17 July 2000, signed by the Polish Government. He submitted that each individual who met the eligibility conditions was entitled to receive compensation.

66. The German Government submitted that the Federal Republic of Germany considered it a particular obligation to attempt to make certain reparations for the injustice committed by the Nazi regime and to that end it had adopted various regulations to provide reparations to the victims. Government compensation to foreign individuals for forced labour was in principle not provided until the establishment of the “Remembrance, Responsibility, Future” Foundation. The German Government submitted that it had been important that the payments should benefit those who, due to their advanced age, their failing health or other trauma arising from forced labour had been prevented from pursuing costly and time-consuming court actions. In order to provide as many of them as possible with compensation, this had to be done as quickly as possible.

67. The German Foundation had primarily used already-existing institutions (“partner organisations”) which had the relevant experience in order to implement the application procedure and the payment of compensation. Its financial resources had been allocated in specified amounts (so-called “ceilings”) to the seven partner organisations. The Foundation Act defined those eligible for compensation and determined the maximum amount of compensation for certain categories. The partner organisation, in concert with the Board of Trustees, could establish additional subcategories and set corresponding amounts.

68. The German Government claimed that it was not the German Foundation which decided on applications. Rather, decisions were made by the respective partner organisation and its appeal board, based upon the submitted evidence or substantiation. The procedure for processing applications had been determined by the German Foundation with the partner organisations through so-called partnership agreements.

69. Distribution of funds to those eligible for compensation had also been undertaken by the partner organisation. When a number of applications were granted by a partner organisation, they were forwarded to the German Foundation in the form of a so-called tranche list. An evaluation team from the German Foundation made spot checks of the list, assessing the compliance of the decisions with the provisions of the Foundation Act. The same procedure applied to the applications which were refused. If the evaluation by the German Foundation showed that the partner organisation had made an erroneous decision, it was called upon to review its decision and the funds remained frozen until the case was clarified.

70. As regards the review of decisions, the German Government submitted that each partner organisation was to establish an independent appeal organ that was not subject to any outside instruction. As a general rule, the decisions of the appeal organs were final. The German Foundation was not an additional or higher appeal instance to which claimants could turn if the independent appeal organ did not accept their objection. If other grossly erroneous decisions were determined in the spot-check assessment, the partner organisation would reopen the application process and remedy the error by issuing a new decision.

71. The German Government maintained that legal actions against decisions taken on appeal were not permissible under German or Polish law. Payment of compensation to individuals under the Foundation Act was not made pursuant to an individual legal entitlement. Rather, such payments were voluntary payments by the German State and German industry which had been based upon previous international negotiations, and whose contractual terms had been accepted by the Polish Government.

72. Lastly, the German Government referred to the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of 7 December 2004 which examined the constitutionality of section 16 of the Foundation Act^¹. According to that provision, claims arising out of forced labour could only be asserted within the scope of the Foundation Act and further-reaching claims were excluded. The claimants in that case had been prisoners in the Auschwitz concentration camp and had been subjected to forced labour for a company. Their pending civil suit for compensation against the company was dismissed pursuant to section 16 of the Foundation Act, which had entered into force in the meantime. The Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit the constitutional complaint. It recognised that there had been interference with the claimants' property rights, but considered that the provision as a whole was constitutionally permissible. In taking that view, the Federal Constitutional Court took into account the purpose of the Act, which was to provide rapid compensation to as many forced labourers as possible and, at the same time, to establish legal security for German companies. It held that the interference with the property rights of the forced labourers could be justified, having regard to the overall scope of the provision in question. The Act spared the claimants protracted legal disputes and ensured that the payments were not dependent upon coincidences, such as, for example, whether the companies from that era still existed or remained solvent.

73. In conclusion, the German Government argued that without the establishment of the Foundation only an extremely small number of the former forced labourers would have had the opportunity to receive compensation. As such, the establishment of the Foundation strengthened the legal position of the forced labourers as a group.

74. The Court reiterates that, according to the principles laid down in its case law, it must first ascertain whether there was a “dispute” (“contestation”) over a “right” which can be said, at least on arguable grounds, to be recognised under domestic law, irrespective of whether this “right” is also protected under the Convention (see, inter alia, Neves e Silva v. Portugal, 27 April 1989, § 37, Series A no. 153-A). The dispute must be genuine and serious; it may relate not only to the actual existence of a right but also to its scope and the manner of its exercise. The outcome of the proceedings must be directly decisive for the right in question (see, among other authorities, Athanassoglou and Others v. Switzerland [GC], no. 27644/95, § 43, ECHR 2000-IV; Mennitto v. Italy [GC], no. 33804/96, § 23, ECHR 2000-X, and Markovic and Others v. Italy [GC], no. 1398/03, § 93, ECHR 2006 ...). Lastly, the right must be a “civil” right.

75. The Court recalls that in the case of Woś v. Poland (Woś v. Poland, cited above) it examined a similar complaint in respect of the first compensation scheme, set up on the basis of the bilateral Polish-German agreement of 16 October 1991 and found Article 6 § 1 applicable to the proceedings before the Polish-German Reconciliation Foundation.

76. In contrast, the present case concerns the second compensation scheme, which was established following multilateral negotiations with a view to providing compensation to slave and forced labourers and other victims of the National Socialist period, primarily from central and eastern Europe. The agreement reached in the negotiations, in particular in respect of the categories of persons who were eligible and the establishment of the German Foundation as a means of providing funds to victims, was subsequently incorporated in the German Foundation Act of 2 August 2000. Section 10 of the Act stipulated that partner organisations, including the Polish Foundation, were entrusted with evaluation of claims and disbursement of payment to eligible claimants. The same provision stipulated that the German Foundation was neither authorised nor obligated in respect of the approval and disbursement of payments by the partner organisations. The particular feature of the second compensation scheme was that the eligibility conditions had been specified in the GFA, while at the same time the examination of the relevant applications was to be carried out by the partner organisations, including the Polish Foundation. The Court considers that for all practical purposes, decisions to qualify applicants as coming under a particular eligibility category and to grant payments in respect of the claimants who resided in Poland were taken by the Polish Foundation (see Woś v. Poland (dec.), cited above, § 66). The Court notes that the German Foundation carried out random checks of the decisions taken by the Polish Foundation, but in its view this does not alter the conclusion that the Polish Foundation played the main role in the process. In any event, there is no evidence that the decisions in respect of the applicant's claims were reviewed or altered by the German Foundation.

77. In the Woś judgment the Court held that the Convention imposes no general obligation on the Contracting States to provide redress for wrongs inflicted in the past under the general cover of State authority (see also, mutatis mutandis, Kopecký v. Slovakia [GC], no. 44912/98, § 38, ECHR 2004 IX). This principle applies to the Federal Republic of Germany in respect of wrongs or damage caused by the German Reich (see Associazione Nazionale Reduci Dalla Prigionia dall'Internamento e dalla Guerra di Liberazione (A.N.R.P.) v. Germany (dec.), no. 45563/04, 4 September 2007; and Ernewein and Others v. Germany (dec.), no. 14849/08, 2 May 2009) but it is even more relevant for third States, like Poland, who bear no responsibility in connection with wrongs inflicted by a foreign occupying force or another State (see, mutatis mutandis, Broniowski v. Poland [GC], no. 31443/96, § 124, ECHR 2004 V; Maltzan and Others v. Germany (dec.) [GC], nos. 71916/01, 71917/01 and 10260/02, § 77, ECHR 2005 V).

78. However, the Court recalls that if a compensation scheme were to be established, the substantive regulations which determined the eligibility conditions for any compensation would in principle fall outside the Court's jurisdiction, unless the relevant conditions were manifestly arbitrary or blatantly inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the Convention (see Woś v. Poland, cited above, § 72). In other words, when a State decides to compensate the past wrongs for which it bore no responsibility, it enjoys a significant discretion (grand pouvoir d'appreciation) in determining the beneficiaries and the modalities of any compensation scheme and, in principle, no challenge to the eligibility conditions as such may be allowed (see Maltzan and Others, cited above, § 77; Epstein and Others v. Belgium (dec.), no. 9717/05, ECHR 2008 ... (extracts)).

79. The Court observes that the compensation scheme established under the GFA concerned claims of forced labourers and other victims of Nazi Germany (see section 2 of the GFA on the purpose of the German Foundation). As those claims date back essentially to the Second World War there could be no question of the Polish State's responsibility for the wrongs committed during that period. It is clear that the Polish State have no obligations of any kind to redress the wrongs inflicted by another State as its citizens were victims and not perpetrators (see Woś v. Poland (dec.), cited above, § 85).

80. In the context of the present case, the Court underlines that the substantive eligibility conditions under the second scheme were defined in the GFA and had to be applied as such by the partner organisations, including the Polish Foundation. It follows that while processing the applications the Polish Foundation was bound to follow the substantive criteria as specified in the GFA and had no power either to review its reasonableness or to unilaterally modify or extend them. Thus, the Polish Foundation and, a fortiori, the Polish State cannot bear responsibility in cases where an applicant, due to the scope of the substantive eligibility conditions as such, was not included in the group of persons entitled to certain benefits. The Court emphasises that the Polish Foundation exercised only a certain measure of discretion when assessing the facts of individual cases and the evidence submitted by the claimants. Its assessment of those elements was decisive for the outcome of the proceedings before the Foundation. The Government appear to acknowledge that the Polish Foundation enjoyed such a margin of discretion (referred to as “latitude de jugement”) in the application of the eligibility conditions (see paragraph 60 above). The Court considers that the responsibility of the Polish State may be engaged exclusively as regards those cases where the dispute concerns the application of the eligibility conditions to the facts of individual cases in the area falling within the Foundation's margin of discretion. Accordingly, in each case it is necessary to determine whether a claimant challenges the eligibility conditions or the assessment of facts and evidence by the Polish Foundation.

81. Turning to the circumstances of the present case, the Court notes that the Foundation originally acknowledged only the period of the applicant's forced labour on the farm. The applicant unsuccessfully pursued his claim that his internment as a civilian and forced labour in the POW camp entitled him to come under the 1^st category of eligibility. Following a change in the interpretation of the GFA adopted by the German Foundation (see paragraph 21 above) the applicant's labour as a civilian in POW camp was acknowledged and he received payment in the amount of DEM 4,400 (PLN 8,852.50) on account of persecution coming under the 3^rd category (forced labour in the industrial or public sectors).

82. The essence of the applicant's grievance is that the Foundation wrongly considered that his forced labour and internment in the POW camp did not entitle him to receive compensation under the 1^st category of eligibility. However, the Court observes that the Foundation acknowledged his internment and forced labour in the POW camp but informed him that the 1^st category of eligibility was destined exclusively for detainees of the camps listed in the German Indemnification Act. This list was binding on the Polish Foundation which had no power to review, modify or extend it.

83. Accordingly, in the Court's view, the thrust of the applicant's complaint was directed against the classification of the camp where he had been detained. That classification, however, formed part of the substantive eligibility criteria. In other words, he attempted to challenge the substantive regulations which defined the scope of beneficiaries of the second compensation scheme. As such his claim could not have been satisfied by the Polish Foundation which had no discretion as to the substantive aspects of the second compensation scheme. In conclusion, the Court considers that the applicant could not claim to have a right to receive further-reaching benefits from the Foundation.

84. It follows that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention does not apply to the facts of the present case. It is not necessary to examine the Government's objections concerning non-exhaustion of domestic remedies. The application is thus incompatible ratione materiae with the provisions of the Convention within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 § 4.

1. Treaty of 14 November 1990 on Confirmation of the Existing Border between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland.

2. Treaty of 17 June 1991 on Good Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation.

1. On an unspecified later date the function of Founder was assumed by the Minister of the State Treasury.

1¹ The other parties being the governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, the United States of America, the Republic of Belarus, the Czech Republic, the State of Israel, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, and the Foundation Initiative of German Industry, the Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany and a number of counsels representing individual plaintiffs in cases brought before the courts in the United States.

1 For details, see the decision in the case Associazione Nazionale Reduci Dalla Prigionia dall’Internamento e dalla Guerra di Liberazione (A.N.R.P.) v. Germany, no. 45563/04, 4 September 2007.

1 The Federal Constitutional Court’s decision is extensively reported in the Court’s decision in the case of Poznanski and Others v. Germany, no. 25101/05, 3 July 2007.

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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> Wiktor JAKOWICZ v Poland - 16778/02 [2009] ECHR 1670 (13 October 2009) URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2009/1670.html Cite as: (2010) 50 EHRR SE1, [2009] ECHR 1670