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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions >> Earl of Winchelsea, and Others, Trustees of Lady Essex Ker v. Honourable Henrietta Bellenden, and others [1825] UKHL 1_WS_381 (17 June 1825) URL: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1825/1_WS_381.html Cite as: [1825] UKHL 1_WS_381 |
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Page: 381↓
(1825) 1 W&S 381
CASES DECIDED IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS, ON APPEAL FROM THE COURTS OF SCOTLAND, 1825.
1 st Division.
No. 39.
Subject_Service — Competition. —
The proprietor of certain lands having disponed them to a trustee for purposes expressed in a relative deed of instructions; and his two heirs-portioners A and B having, on his death, granted a trust-bond, on which an adjudication was led, and which was thereafter assigned to these heirs; and they having got a decree, reducing the deed of instructions, and ordaining the trustee to convey to them; and he having disponed to them, with procuratory and precept, on the latter of which they were infeft; and one of them, A, having died, and the other, B, having obtained a general service as heir of A, and expede a charter of resignation and confirmation on the procuratory, and been infeft; and B having died, after executing a deed of settlement in favour of trustees, conveying all her rights, and binding herself and her heir to give them an effectual title; and her trustees having thereupon obtained a charter of adjudication, and been infeft; and the heirs-portioners of line, both of A and B, having expede a special service to B, and obtained themselves infeft in the superiority of the whole subjects; and thereupon granted to themselves a precept of clare constat as heirs of A, and been infeft;—Held, in a competition, (amending the judgment of the Court of Session), 1. That the general service and charter of resignation could only vest in B the superiority of her own and A's share of the lands; and therefore, as A remained vested in the fee of the dominium utile of her share, her heirs were preferable to the trustees of B; and, 2. That although B's general service conveyed to her A's personal right to the adjudication, yet as B had not made up titles to A's share of the lands, the charter of adjudication expede by B's trustees could not exclude the heir of A.
Ladies Essex and Mary Ker were the sisters of John Duke of Roxburghe, who, besides the estate of Roxburghe, possessed various lands, some of which were destined to his heirs of line, and others to the heirs of the entailed estate. On the 5th November 1803, his Grace executed a trust-disposition and deed of settlement, by which he disponed “to John Wauchope and James Dundas, clerks to the signet, and to any other person or persons whom I shall hereafter name and appoint by a writing under my hand, or who shall be assumed in virtue of the powers after-written, as trustees for executing the trust hereby created, and to the survivors or survivor of the said trustees named or to be named by me, or who shall be assumed as said is, and who shall accept hereof, &c. all and sundry lands and heritages, &c. whether in England or Scotland, presently belonging or which shall happen to belong to me at my decease, free and unlimited by any entail, and at my absolute gift and disposal, by disposition,
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In the mean while, the litigation had been going on in the action
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“The Lords reduce, decern, and declare, in terms of the pursuers' libel, in so far as relates to the whole heritable subjects conveyed by the trust-deed, dated the 5th day of November 1803, and descendible to the pursuers as heirs alioqui successuræ under the titles thereof, which stood in the person of John Duke of Roxburghe, exclusive of the mortis causa settlements executed by his Grace, and decern and declare accordingly; but in so far as regards the heritable property conveyed by the said trust-deed, and descendible to the Duke's heirs-male by the titles thereof, remit to the Lord Ordinary to hear parties' procurators, and to proceed otherwise in the cause as to his Lordship may seem proper.”
Both parties having reclaimed, the Court, on the 26th November, adhered; but “remitted to the Lord Ordinary to hear parties farther upon the declaratory conclusions of the libel, and other prayers of the petition; and to proceed and determine therein as to his Lordship shall seem proper.” An appeal having been taken against these interlocutors, they were affirmed by the House of Lords in February 1812. On the 3d of July thereafter, the Ladies Ker obtained from Lord Winchelsea a conveyance of the adjudication on the trust-bond, and to the lands therein contained: but during their lives nothing farther was done upon it.
On the return of the case to the Court of Session, the Lord Ordinary appointed Mr Wauchope, the Duke's trustee, to state in a condescendence, first, The lands which were held under destinations exclusive of the rights of the pursuers, as heirs of line: secondly, The lands in the parish of Kelso, which, according to the view of Mr Wauchope, were so affected by a power of purchase in favour of the heirs of entail, as to bar the rights of the Ladies Ker as heirs of the investiture: and, thirdly, “The lands that are admitted to belong to the pursuers, under the final interlocutors of this Court and the House of Lords, and which the defender contends he is entitled to keep possession and management of, as trustee for the said John Duke of Roxburghe, until certain annuities are expired; what the rental of these lands are, and the extent of annuities or burdens thereon; and what objections he has to dispone and convey these to the pursuers, the legal heirs, under the burden of what may affect these lands, or whether any of them attach upon, or have been paid out of the arrears of rent, or other property left by the said
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The Court, therefore, on the 17th January 1823, “preferred
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Lady Essex Ker's trustees appealed, and, besides repeating their argument in the Court of Session, they contended, that the interlocutor was plainly erroneous, in so far as it preferred the respondents to the whole fund in medio, seeing that it consisted of the rents not only of Lady Mary's share, but of those of Lady Essex. This being admitted by the respondents to be an error, the House of Lords “ordered and adjudged, that the interlocutor of the 17th of January 1823, complained of, be altered, by adding after the words “in medio” these words, “so far as the same is constituted of the rents arising from Lady Mary Ker's pro indiviso half of the lands conveyed to her and Lady Essex Ker by Mr Wauchope's disposition And it is further ordered and adjudged, that with this alteration the said interlocutor, and the interlocutor of 6th June 1823, also complained of, be affirmed: And it is further ordered, that the cause be remitted back to the Court of Session to do therein as shall be consistent with this judgment, and as shall be just.”
My Lords,—The judgments appealed from to your Lordships' House, were pronounced in a competition for the rents of certain lands, which formerly belonged to Lady Mary Ker, against the appellants, the Earl of Winchelsea and Sir Robert William Vaughan, who were the trustees of the deceased Lady Essex Ker, who was possessed of these lands;—the respondents claiming to have a moiety as heirs-portioners of Lady Mary Ker, and the appellants claiming them as trustees of her sister.
My Lords,—It will be necessary for me to state to your Lordships the facts of this case, and the proceedings which have taken place.
_________________ Footnote _________________ * See 2. Shaw and Dunlop, No. 351.
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My Lords,—The deed then enumerated the various heritable subjects conveyed, and declared the purposes of the trust; which were, first, The payment of deathbed and funeral expenses: Secondly, The payment of his debts: Thirdly, The payment of legacies granted, or to be granted by the disponer: and then, with respect to the residue, he directed, that the whole residue, remainder, and surplus of his estate and effects, should be conveyed and made over, or applied and employed by his trustees or trustee acting for the time, to and in favour of such person or persons, or for such uses and purposes as he had directed, or should direct, by any deed, missive, memorandum, or other writing, executed, or to be executed by him for that effect, at any time of his life, and even on deathbed.
My Lords,—On the 19th of March 1804 the Duke executed a deed of instructions, as it is termed, by which he directed and appointed the trustees to pay various legacies, and, after payment of those legacies, to invest the whole residue and remainder of his funds in the public funds, or upon real security in Scotland, the dividends or interests whereof they were to pay over yearly to Lady Essex Ker and Lady Mary Ker, equally between them; and failing either of them, to the survivor during their lives, or that of the survivor; and, upon the death of the survivor, he then appointed his trustees to pay over
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My Lords,—The Duke died on the following day, after executing that deed of instructions; and after his death, the Ladies Essex and Mary Ker challenged this deed upon two grounds; first, Incapacity, from illness, to execute any available deed; and, secondly, Deathbed, in so far as the deed of instructions affected heritage of which they were the nearest heirs.
My Lords,—A short time after his death, in August 1804, the Ladies Ker, with a view of completing their title, granted a trust-bond in favour of Lord Winchelsea, for the sum of L.100,000, upon which letters of general and special charge at his instance were raised and executed against them, as heirs-portioners to John Duke of Roxburghe, their brother, and decreet of adjudication was obtained by the trustee, on the 17th of May 1805, of the whole unentailed lands belonging to the Duke.
My Lords,—I shall at present content myself with stating the facts, without making any comment on this proceeding, or others which afterwards took place. I will first of all state to your Lordships the facts and the proceedings of the Court of Session, and afterwards state to your Lordships the observations I have to make on the case. It appears that, previous to this decreet of adjudication, namely, on the 22d and 23d April 1805, Mr Wauchope, who, as your Lordships will recollect, was a trustee of John Duke of Roxburghe, had taken infeftment on the trust-deed. As I have stated to your Lordships, the Ladies Ker chose to challenge the deathbed disposition of John Duke of Roxburghe. The summons which they raised upon that occasion concluded for reduction only of the deed of instructions executed by the Duke of Roxburghe, leaving the trust-deed wholly unchallenged, recognizing it, on the contrary, as a valid title in the person of the trustees, and demanding, by the declaratory conclusions of the summons, that not only the deed of instructions should be reduced, but that the trustees should be prohibited from selling the lands, and that they should be ordained to divest themselves in favour of the pursuers, Ladies Essex and Mary Ker.
My Lords,—After a long litigation the Ladies Ker were unsuccessful in reducing on the head of incapacity, but they succeeded in reducing the deed of instructions on the head of deathbed. Upon this occasion the Court of Session pronounced the following interlocutor. (Here his Lordship read the interlocutor.)
Upon a reclaiming petition by the trustee and legatees, this judgment, so far as regarded the reductive conclusions of the libel, was adhered to, but the Court remitted to the Lord Ordinary to hear parties further upon the declaratory conclusions of the libel, and other prayers of the petition, and to proceed and determine therein as to his Lordship should seem proper. My Lords, there was an appeal to your
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My Lords,—Shortly after that judgment of affirmance, namely, on the 3d July 1812, Ladies Essex and Mary Ker took from my Lord Winchelsea, the then trustee, who, as your Lordships will recollect, before that time raised an action and got a decree of adjudication on the trust-bond for L. 100,000, and obtained from him a conveyance of the adjudication and of all the lands contained in that adjudication, being in ordinary form, to them, their heirs and assignees.
My Lords,—In consequence of the affirmance of the judgment in the House of Lords, the case went back to the Lord Ordinary to inquire into the precise lands of which the acting trustee, Mr Wauchope, was bound, under the declaratory conclusions, to denude; and the Lord Ordinary pronounced an interlocutor, in which he appointed Mr Wauchope to state in a condescendence, first, The lands which were held under destinations exclusive of the rights of the pursuers as heirs of line; secondly, The lands in the parish of Kelso, which, according to the view of Mr Wauchope, were so affected by a power of purchase in favour of the heirs of entail, as to bar the rights of the Ladies Ker as heirs of the investiture; and, thirdly, according to the terms of it, “The lands that were admitted to belong to the pursuers under the final interlocutors of that Court and of the House of Lords, and which the defender contends he is entitled to keep possession and management of, as trustee for the said John Duke of Roxburghe, until certain annuities are expired: what the rental of these lands are, and the extent of annuities or burdens thereon, and what objections he has to dispone and convey these to the pursuers, the legal heirs, under the burden of what may affect these lands, or whether any of them attach upon, or have been paid out of the arrears of rent, or other property left by the said John Duke of Roxburghe.” My Lords, this explanation having been given in a condescendence, the Court, on the 20th November and the 13th December 1813, decerned and declared, that “the defenders were bound to execute, quam primum, in favour of the pursuers, the said Ladies Essex and Mary Ker, proper conveyances of the whole lands in article third of said condescendence; and decerned and ordained the said defenders to execute the aforesaid conveyances in favour of the pursuers, the said Ladies Essex and Mary Ker, accordingly.” In compliance with that interlocutor, Mr Wauchope, the trustee, on the 11th January 1815, executed a disposition in favour of the Ladies Essex and Mary Ker, of the particular articles contained in the third article of the condescendence. The deed, after stating the proceedings, went on as follows:—
“In pursuance of and in obedience to the decree before recited, it is incumbent on me, as trustee foresaid, to convey the foresaid lands and other heritages, in so far as the same are specially contained in the foresaid trust-disposition, all as more particularly after expressed, under the conditions above specified, to and in favour of the said Ladies Essex
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and Mary Ker, in manner under-written; therefore, wit ye me, the said John Wauchope, as sole accepting trustee of the said John Duke of Roxburghe, in pursuance and in implement of the foresaid decreet, to have given, granted, and disponed, to and in favour of the said Ladies Essex and Mary Ker, and their heirs whomsoever, and assignees, heritably and irredeemably, all and whole these two quarters of the lands and barony,”
&c. This disposition contained procuratory and precept; and in virtue of the precept the Ladies Essex and Mary Ker were infeft, and their infeftment duly recorded.
My Lords,—Upon the title so made up, the Ladies Ker continued to possess during their respective lives. Lady Mary Ker, who then held a right to the pro indiviso half of these lands contained in Mr Wauchope's conveyance, completed by infeftment, died without executing any settlement, leaving her sister, Lady Essex, her surviving. Upon the death of Lady Mary, Lady Essex, on the 25th of March 1818, was served heir in general to her; and it appears that, in the following month of April, she expede a charter of resignation on the procuratory contained in the disposition by Mr Wauchope, and her own general service as heir to her sister Lady Mary, in virtue of which last she had right to Lady Mary's interest in the procuratory. This charter also included a confirmation of the trust-deed in favour of Mr Wauchope, and of his infeftment under it, and upon this charter Lady Essex was infeft. My Lords, under these circumstances, Lady Essex, in the month of March 1819, executed a trust conveyance to the Right Honourable George Earl of Winchelsea and Sir Robert William Vaughan, the appellants in this case, by which she made over to them all her effects, heritable and moveable, and among others, all and sundry lands and heritages whatever belonging to her, or to which she had or might have right, situated or being in that part of Great Britain called Scotland. The purposes of the trust were to sell the truster's lands and estates to pay the debts, the residue being disposed of in the following terms: ‘And then,’ according to the terms of it, “to pay over the residue and remainder of the proceeds, to and for the use of any person or persons I shall name by any writing under my hand, or for such purposes as I may direct by such writing; and in default of my making such writing, or giving directions in writing, then to pay over the said residue to and among my next of kindred, according to the law of England or statute of distribution.”
My Lords,—Her Ladyship afterwards, on the 20th of August in the same year, executed a will, desiring that her whole lands and property might be sold, and the proceeds applied in the manner there described in the payment of various legacies, and appointing Lord Winchelsea and Sir Robert Vaughan her executors. My Lords, Lady Essex died a very short time after the execution of this will. The trustees, probably under the impression that the whole lands, property and superiority, had been vested in Lady Essex, proceeded to charge the respondents,
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My Lords,—After thus assuming that Lady Mary's right under the adjudication, to which I have referred, was vested in Lady Essex by her general service as heir to her sister, and carried by her trust-disposition to them, the appellants obtained a charter of adjudication in favour of themselves, and were infeft.
In consequence of all these proceedings, a competition arose between these trustees and the heirs of Lady Mary as to the rights to the rents of the pro indiviso half of the lands which belonged to Lady Mary Ker; in consequence of which an action of multiplepoinding was raised by the tenants, in order to have it ascertained by the Court which title conferred the substantial right to the property. That action came before my Lord Gillies as Ordinary, who, upon hearing the case argued, was pleased to order memorials. His Lordship being removed to another situation in the Court, Lord Meadowbank, to whom the case was remitted, pronounced the following interlocutor:
“The Lord Ordinary having considered the memorials for the parties in this case, makes avizandum to the Lords of the First Division, and appoints parties” procurators to prepare informations, to be printed and boxed forthwith.”
Informations were accordingly given in, and the following interlocutor was pronounced by the First Division of the Court of Session:
“The Lords, upon the report of Lord Meadowbank, and having advised the mutual informations and whole cause, they prefer the heirs of line of the deceased Lady Mary Ker to the fund in medio, and remit to the Lord Ordinary to proceed accordingly.”
The appellants then made application to the Court, praying to give in an additional petition against the interlocutor just quoted; and on that application the following interlocutor was pronounced:
“The Lords having heard this petition, allow the petitioners to state their case in an additional petition, to be printed and boxed on or before the last sederunt day of the current session, and that under an amand of forty shillings; and appoint both petitions (the additional petition being duly lodged) to be seen and answered, the answers to be printed and boxed on or before the first box-day in the ensuing spring vacation, under an amand of ten pounds sterling.”
Accordingly
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“The Lords having advised these petitions, with the answers, they adhere to the interlocutor reclaimed against, and refuse the desire of both petitions.”
From these interlocutors an appeal has been brought to your Lordships' House; and it must appear to your Lordships, from the statement I have made, that the questions in this appeal are questions arising on the law of Scotland, and the effect of the various titles which have been made up by these parties, and that the questions in this case do not at all turn upon what might have been the intention of these ladies: the question is a dry pure question of law, whether, under all the circumstances, the heirs-portioners of Lady Mary Ker were not entitled, on the death of Lady Essex, to this moiety of the estates in question ? My Lords, the case has been most ably and most elaborately discussed in the papers which are before the House, and at the Bar. No one can have heard that discussion without being impressed with the correctness of that statement. The questions that have been moved in this case are, your Lordship perceive, of this nature: The Ladies Ker—who, if they could have succeeded in setting aside the deed of instructions, were entitled to this property as the nearest heirs of the Duke of Roxburghe—previous to instituting any proceedings for that purpose, had recourse to a proceeding known in the law of Scotland—a fictitious proceeding, for the purpose of making up a title in themselves,—namely, by granting a bond provisionally for the payment of L. 100,000 to the trustee for himself, namely, my Lord Winchelsea, upon which he was to institute proceedings against them, as heirs-portioners of John Duke of Roxburghe, and to obtain against them what is called a decreet of adjudication of the whole unentailed lands belonging to the Duke; and it appears, that decreet of adjudication being obtained by Lord Winchelsea, he reconveyed the adjudication to Ladies Essex and Mary Ker, but no charter of adjudication was taken out in favour of these Ladies Essex and Mary Ker, although it appears that, after their deaths, such a charter had been obtained in favour of the present appellants.
My Lords,—The proceeding being in that state, the decreet of adjudication having been got by them, but they not having obtained any charter of adjudication, they instituted the proceeding I have mentioned against Mr Wauchope, who was the trustee appointed under the previous deed of 1803 by the Duke of Roxburghe, and who had, subsequent to the Duke's death, taken an infeftment under that trust-deed. The object of that suit was, as your Lordships have perceived from my short statement, to set aside or reduce, as it is termed in the law of Scotland, the deed of instructions, on the ground that it was executed on deathbed, and affected the heritage of the Ladies Ker, and therefore ought not to be sustained; and if they succeeded in reducing that deed, they called on Mr Wauchope to convey to them the lands
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I have to apologize to your Lordships, perhaps, for calling your attention to this case to day, because I feel rather indisposed, and not able to go into it in the manner I could have wished. I should not have proceeded upon it to-day, but I feel the necessity of calling your Lordships' attention to this and other cases without further delay, considering
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My Lords,—Another question was then made. It was contended, that, assuming that the title was thus properly made up by the Ladies Essex and Mary Ker, and that they had no right to revert to the other title under the adjudication; still, what took place after the death of Lady Mary had the effect of consolidating the dominium directum and the dominium utile of the estate, and that therefore it was competent for Lady Essex to dispose of that property as she did, and that her trustees are, upon her death, consequently entitled to it. Now, my Lords, I apprehend there is nothing more clearly established, than that a general service takes no feudal right out of the ancestor; and that if a person so serving dies without entering by special service, the general service has no operation to carry away the estate from the heirs of the party to whom that person is served heir by general service. Indeed, I do not find that disputed in this case. My Lords, I think as little can it be disputed, that by that conveyance from Mr Wauchope, and by the infeftment taken upon it by Lady Mary Ker, the feudal title in the dominium utile was completed by Lady Mary Ker to the pro indiviso half of the lands contained in the disposition; and I cannot do better on this occasion than to refer to that passage in Mr Erskine (2.7.16.) which has been referred to in this discussion, explaining this part of the service. He says, “By the more common style of dispositions, the disposer grants an obligation to infeft, and a precept of sasine, both a me and de me, in the option of the disponer, and sasine is generally taken upon such dispositions indefinitely, without specially referring to either of the two precepts.” That is the case here. “In that case, the law which construes the sasine in the man ner most beneficial to the disponee, who has the right of option to ascribe it to either of the two kinds, considers it as a sasine de me or base right; because, if it were accounted a public right, it would be ineffectual till the superior's confirmation; but if the superior afterwards confirmed the right, it is held from that period as if it had been from the beginning a public right: see July 15.1680, Bishop of Aberdeen. It is universally agreed, that a right which only holds base of the granter, is not by the superior's confirmation rendered public, so as to make the grantee, whose right is confirmed, immediate vassal to the superior confirming; for the superior's confirmation of base rights is intended for purposes quite different.” Then he says, “It is to the
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My Lords,—Upon this part of the case I think, that the admission which has been made by the appellants themselves in some of these printed papers, certainly shews that the decision of the Court of Session is a right decision. They say, in the additional petition presented to the Court of Session, “the petitioners are willing to admit, that if there had been occasion here for an immediately operative infeftment—had they, for example, proceeded to borrow money by heritable bond, such an act would at once have characterized the infeftment as a base one; and, upon the principle as already explained, would have afforded a fair ground to infer, that the alternative title by adjudication was intended to be abandoned.” Now this admission is a very important one, as it applies as well to the effect of the adjudication and title, which, as it is contended, it is competent for these ladies, or those representing them, to make up, as with respect to the effect of the proceedings by Lady Essex, after the death of Lady Mary, on the disposition of Mr Wauchope. My Lords, in a subsequent passage the same admission is repeated. “It is admitted, that had the precept in Mr Wauchope's disposition been a public precept, or had there been no alternative obligation to infeft de me and a me, this last would have been the consequence of the sasine in the persons of Ladies Mary and Essex; it would only have been an inchoated title, which, left uncompleted by confirmation, would have been a mere nonentity in feudal law.” Now, my Lords, although the admissions of a party, if he has made them under a mistake, are of little weight, yet I apprehend, in this case, those admissions were made consonant to the laws of Scotland; and, as it seems to me, those admissions, independently of that which I have taken the liberty of stating to your Lordships, shew, that in this case it must be considered that the feudal title, the base fee, was completed in Lady Mary Ker; and if so, I apprehend the consequence inevitably follows, that the general service which Lady Essex, on the death of her sister, took out, could not carry that base fee which was vested in Lady Mary;
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My Lords,—The third point raised is this: Supposing a good title to the lands had been completed by the Ladies Ker; supposing the rights of the respondents as heirs of Lady Mary were clearly established; still by their service as heirs-portioners of Lady Essex, they came under an obligation,—I will not say of contract,—but of disposition of her property. Now, my Lords, to that several answers have been made, and I think satisfactorily. The first answer is, that with respect to the disposition upon which the appellants founded, that was a more general— *
In the next place, it is a mere general disposition; and I therefore think the case of Carmichael against Carmichael, which was cited in some part of the case, does not appear to bear upon it; and, lastly, that in this case they were forced to enter as heirs-portioners of Lady Essex, at the instance of the appellants; and that therefore now it is not competent for them to insist, that they, having called upon these parties to enter as heirs-portioners, can now turn round upon them having compelled them to enter as heirs-portioners.
My Lords,—It does not appear to me there is any ground whatever to object to the decision made by the Court of Session. Upon the whole, therefore, it appears to me, that the decision of the Court of Session is right; but I must remark one thing, that the interlocutor in this case has pronounced, that the respondents are entitled to the fund in medio. Now I should wish to know whether that fund in medio is constituted of the rents of the whole of the lands; because, if so, the interlocutor is wrong; for, I apprehend, all that the Court of Session meant to decide is, that the respondents are entitled to these funds in medio, so far as they are constituted of the half which belonged to Lady Mary Ker. If there is any difficulty upon that part of the subject, this House should guard the affirmance of this interlocutor in that way. The interlocutor is general; and therefore I would ask, Whether the funds in medio are constituted of the whole of the funds, or of the pro indiviso half?
Keay. We understand, my Lord, that they are composed of the rents of the pro indiviso half; but, I believe, upon that point there was little difference between the parties; and, if it is the pleasure of the House, it cannot injure our interest, that that should be expressed.
_________________ Footnote _________________ * A part of his Lordship's speech was here lost.
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Adam. There was a parcel of land not included.
Appellants' Authorities.—(1.) 1. Bell, Com. 641. 4. edith and cases there; Wight, 282. and cases there; Lockhart, Feb. 19. 1819, (F. C.); 2. Ersk. 7. 16.; Bell on Titles, 316.; 2. Ross, 173. 320.; 3. Bank. 2. 13.; Edgar, July 6. 1736, (3089.); Harvey, Dec. 12. 1811, (F. C.); Smith, June 30. 1752, (10,803.); Durham, Nov. 24. 1802, (11,220.)—(2.) 3. Ersk. 8. 54.; Carmichael, Nov. 15. 1810, (F. C.; affirmed May 15. 1816.)
Respondents' Authorities.—2. Ersk. 7. 16.; Robertson, Nov. 27. 1751, (3044.)
Solicitors: J. Chalmer— J. Campbell,—Solicitors.
